Add data tests to your DAG

Related reference docs

• Test command
• Data test properties
• Data test configurations
• Test selection examples

Overview

Data tests are assertions you make about your models and other resources in your dbt project (e.g. sources, seeds and snapshots). When you run dbt test, dbt will tell you if each test in your project passes or fails.

You can use data tests to improve the integrity of the SQL in each model by making assertions about the results generated. Out of the box, you can test whether a specified column in a model only contains non-null values, unique values, or values that have a corresponding value in another model (for example, a customer_id for an order corresponds to an id in the customers model), and values from a specified list. You can extend data tests to suit business logic specific to your organization – any assertion that you can make about your model in the form of a select query can be turned into a data test.

Data tests return a set of failing records. Generic data tests (f.k.a. schema tests) are defined using test blocks.

Like almost everything in dbt, data tests are SQL queries. In particular, they are select statements that seek to grab "failing" records, ones that disprove your assertion. If you assert that a column is unique in a model, the test query selects for duplicates; if you assert that a column is never null, the test seeks after nulls. If the data test returns zero failing rows, it passes, and your assertion has been validated.

There are two ways of defining data tests in dbt:

• A singular data test is testing in its simplest form: If you can write a SQL query that returns failing rows, you can save that query in a .sql file within your test directory. It's now a data test, and it will be executed by the dbt test command.
• A generic data test is a parameterized query that accepts arguments. The test query is defined in a special test block (like a macro). Once defined, you can reference the generic test by name throughout your .yml files—define it on models, columns, sources, snapshots, and seeds. dbt ships with four generic data tests built in, and we think you should use them!

Defining data tests is a great way to confirm that your outputs and inputs are as expected, and helps prevent regressions when your code changes. Because you can use them over and over again, making similar assertions with minor variations, generic data tests tend to be much more common—they should make up the bulk of your dbt data testing suite. That said, both ways of defining data tests have their time and place.

Creating your first data tests

If you're new to dbt, we recommend that you check out our quickstart guide to build your first dbt project with models and tests.

Singular data tests

The simplest way to define a data test is by writing the exact SQL that will return failing records. We call these "singular" data tests, because they're one-off assertions usable for a single purpose.

These tests are defined in .sql files, typically in your tests directory (as defined by your test-paths config). You can use Jinja (including ref and source) in the test definition, just like you can when creating models. Each .sql file contains one select statement, and it defines one data test:

tests/assert_total_payment_amount_is_positive.sql

-- Refunds have a negative amount, so the total amount should always be >= 0.
-- Therefore return records where total_amount < 0 to make the test fail.
select
    order_id,
    sum(amount) as total_amount
from {{ ref('fct_payments') }}
group by 1
having total_amount < 0

The name of this test is the name of the file: assert_total_payment_amount_is_positive.

To add a data test to your project, add a .yml file to your tests directory, for example, tests/schema.yml with the following content:

tests/schema.yml

version: 2
data_tests:
  - name: assert_total_payment_amount_is_positive
    description: >
      Refunds have a negative amount, so the total amount should always be >= 0.
      Therefore return records where total amount < 0 to make the test fail.

Singular data tests are easy to write—so easy that you may find yourself writing the same basic structure over and over, only changing the name of a column or model. By that point, the test isn't so singular! In that case, we recommend generic data tests.

Generic data tests

Certain data tests are generic: they can be reused over and over again. A generic data test is defined in a test block, which contains a parametrized query and accepts arguments. It might look like:

{% test not_null(model, column_name) %}

    select *
    from {{ model }}
    where {{ column_name }} is null

{% endtest %}

You'll notice that there are two arguments, model and column_name, which are then templated into the query. This is what makes the test "generic": it can be defined on as many columns as you like, across as many models as you like, and dbt will pass the values of model and column_name accordingly. Once that generic test has been defined, it can be added as a property on any existing model (or source, seed, or snapshot). These properties are added in .yml files in the same directory as your resource.

info

If this is your first time working with adding properties to a resource, check out the docs on declaring properties.

Out of the box, dbt ships with four generic data tests already defined: unique, not_null, accepted_values and relationships. Here's a full example using those tests on an orders model:

version: 2

models:
  - name: orders
    columns:
      - name: order_id
        tests:
          - unique
          - not_null
      - name: status
        tests:
          - accepted_values:
              values: ['placed', 'shipped', 'completed', 'returned']
      - name: customer_id
        tests:
          - relationships:
              to: ref('customers')
              field: id

In plain English, these data tests translate to:

• unique: the order_id column in the orders model should be unique
• not_null: the order_id column in the orders model should not contain null values
• accepted_values: the status column in the orders should be one of 'placed', 'shipped', 'completed', or 'returned'
• relationships: each customer_id in the orders model exists as an id in the customers table (also known as referential integrity)

Behind the scenes, dbt constructs a select query for each data test, using the parametrized query from the generic test block. These queries return the rows where your assertion is not true; if the test returns zero rows, your assertion passes.

You can find more information about these data tests, and additional configurations (including severity and tags) in the reference section.

More generic data tests

Those four tests are enough to get you started. You'll quickly find you want to use a wider variety of tests—a good thing! You can also install generic data tests from a package, or write your own, to use (and reuse) across your dbt project. Check out the guide on custom generic tests for more information.

info

There are generic tests defined in some open-source packages, such as dbt-utils and dbt-expectations — skip ahead to the docs on packages to learn more!

Example

To add a generic (or "schema") test to your project:

1. Add a .yml file to your models directory, e.g. models/schema.yml, with the following content (you may need to adjust the name: values for an existing model)

models/schema.yml

version: 2

models:
  - name: orders
    columns:
      - name: order_id
        tests:
          - unique
          - not_null

2. Run the dbt test command:

$ dbt test

Found 3 models, 2 tests, 0 snapshots, 0 analyses, 130 macros, 0 operations, 0 seed files, 0 sources

17:31:05 | Concurrency: 1 threads (target='learn')
17:31:05 |
17:31:05 | 1 of 2 START test not_null_order_order_id..................... [RUN]
17:31:06 | 1 of 2 PASS not_null_order_order_id........................... [PASS in 0.99s]
17:31:06 | 2 of 2 START test unique_order_order_id....................... [RUN]
17:31:07 | 2 of 2 PASS unique_order_order_id............................. [PASS in 0.79s]
17:31:07 |
17:31:07 | Finished running 2 tests in 7.17s.

Completed successfully

Done. PASS=2 WARN=0 ERROR=0 SKIP=0 TOTAL=2

3. Check out the SQL dbt is running by either:
   • dbt Cloud: checking the Details tab.
   • dbt Core: checking the target/compiled directory

Unique test

Compiled SQL

select *
from (

    select
        order_id

    from analytics.orders
    where order_id is not null
    group by order_id
    having count(*) > 1

) validation_errors

Templated SQL

select *
from (

    select
        {{ column_name }}

    from {{ model }}
    where {{ column_name }} is not null
    group by {{ column_name }}
    having count(*) > 1

) validation_errors

Not null test

Compiled SQL

select *
from analytics.orders
where order_id is null

Templated SQL

select *
from {{ model }}
where {{ column_name }} is null

Storing test failures

Normally, a data test query will calculate failures as part of its execution. If you set the optional --store-failures flag, the store_failures, or the store_failures_as configs, dbt will first save the results of a test query to a table in the database, and then query that table to calculate the number of failures.

This workflow allows you to query and examine failing records much more quickly in development:

Store test failures in the database for faster development-time debugging.

Note that, if you select to store test failures:

• Test result tables are created in a schema suffixed or named dbt_test__audit, by default. It is possible to change this value by setting a schema config. (For more details on schema naming, see using custom schemas.)

• A test's results will always replace previous failures for the same test.

New data_tests: syntax

FAQs

What tests are available for me to use in dbt?

Out of the box, dbt ships with the following tests:

• unique
• not_null
• accepted_values
• relationships (i.e. referential integrity)

You can also write your own custom schema data tests.

Some additional custom schema tests have been open-sourced in the dbt-utils package, check out the docs on packages to learn how to make these tests available in your project.

Note that although you can't document data tests as of yet, we recommend checking out this dbt Core discussion where the dbt community shares ideas.

How do I test one model at a time?

Running tests on one model looks very similar to running a model: use the --select flag (or -s flag), followed by the name of the model:

dbt test --select customers

Check out the model selection syntax documentation for full syntax, and test selection examples in particular.

One of my tests failed, how can I debug it?

To debug a failing test, find the SQL that dbt ran by:

• dbt Cloud:

  • Within the test output, click on the failed test, and then select "Details"

• dbt Core:

  • Open the file path returned as part of the error message.
  • Navigate to the target/compiled/schema_tests directory for all compiled test queries

Copy the SQL into a query editor (in dbt Cloud, you can paste it into a new Statement), and run the query to find the records that failed.

What tests should I add to my project?

We recommend that every model has a test on a primary key, that is, a column that is unique and not_null.

We also recommend that you test any assumptions on your source data. For example, if you believe that your payments can only be one of three payment methods, you should test that assumption regularly — a new payment method may introduce logic errors in your SQL.

In advanced dbt projects, we recommend using sources and running these source data-integrity tests against the sources rather than models.

When should I run my tests?

You should run your tests whenever you are writing new code (to ensure you haven't broken any existing models by changing SQL), and whenever you run your transformations in production (to ensure that your assumptions about your source data are still valid).

Can I store my tests in a directory other than the `tests` directory in my project?

By default, dbt expects your singular test files to be located in the tests subdirectory of your project, and generic test definitions to be located in tests/generic or macros.

To change this, update the test-paths configuration in your dbt_project.yml file, like so:

dbt_project.yml

test-paths: ["my_cool_tests"]

Then, you can define generic tests in my_cool_tests/generic/, and singular tests everywhere else in my_cool_tests/.

How do I run tests on just my sources?

To run tests on all sources, use the following command:

  dbt test --select "source:*"

(You can also use the -s shorthand here instead of --select)

To run tests on one source (and all of its tables):

$ dbt test --select source:jaffle_shop

And, to run tests on one source table only:

$ dbt test --select source:jaffle_shop.orders

Can I set test failure thresholds?

You can use the error_if and warn_if configs to set custom failure thresholds in your tests. For more details, see reference for more information.

You can also try the following solutions:

• Setting the severity to warn, or:
• Writing a custom generic test that accepts a threshold argument (example)

Can I test the uniqueness of two columns?

Yes, There's a few different options.

Consider an orders table that contains records from multiple countries, and the combination of ID and country code is unique:

order_id	country_code
1	AU
2	AU
...	...
1	US
2	US
...	...

Here are some approaches:

1. Create a unique key in the model and test that

models/orders.sql

select
  country_code || '-' || order_id as surrogate_key,
  ...

models/orders.yml

version: 2

models:
  - name: orders
    columns:
      - name: surrogate_key
        tests:
          - unique

2. Test an expression

models/orders.yml

version: 2

models:
  - name: orders
    tests:
      - unique:
          column_name: "(country_code || '-' || order_id)"

3. Use the dbt_utils.unique_combination_of_columns test

This is especially useful for large datasets since it is more performant. Check out the docs on packages for more information.

models/orders.yml

version: 2

models:
  - name: orders
    tests:
      - dbt_utils.unique_combination_of_columns:
          combination_of_columns:
            - country_code
            - order_id